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Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling, is the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded. The nineteenth storm and twelfth typhoon of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season, Tip developed out of a disturbance from the monsoon trough on October 4 near Pohnpei. Initially, a tropical storm to the northwest hindered the development and motion of Tip, though after it tracked farther north Tip was able to intensify. After passing Guam, Tip rapidly intensified and reached peak winds of 〔All wind speeds in the article are maximum sustained winds sustained for one minute, unless otherwise noted.〕 and a worldwide record-low sea-level pressure of on October 12. At its peak strength, it was also the largest tropical cyclone on record with a wind diameter of . Tip slowly weakened as it continued west-northwestward and later turned to the northeast in response to an approaching trough. The typhoon made landfall in southern Japan on October 19, and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter. U.S. Air Force aircraft flew 60 weather reconnaissance missions into the typhoon, making Tip one of the most closely observed tropical cyclones. Rainfall from Tip indirectly led to a fire that killed 13 Marines and injured 68 at Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji in the Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan.〔http://www.stripes.com/news/marines-recall-1979-fire-at-camp-fuji-that-claimed-13-lives-1.70045〕 Elsewhere in the country, the typhoon caused widespread flooding and 42 deaths; offshore shipwrecks left 44 people killed or missing. == Meteorological history == Three circulations developed within the monsoon trough that extended from the Philippines to the Marshall Islands in October 1979. A disturbance to the southwest of Guam developed into Tropical Storm Roger on October 3, and later on the same day the tropical disturbance which would later become Typhoon Tip formed south of Pohnpei. Strong flow from across the equator was drawn into the Roger's wind circulation, initially preventing significant development of the precursor disturbance to Tip. Despite the unfavorable air pattern, the disturbance gradually organized as it moved westward. Due to the large-scale circulation pattern into Tropical Storm Roger, it moved erratically and slowly executed a cyclonic loop to the southeast of Chuuk. A reconnaissance aircraft flight into the system late on October 4 confirmed the existence of a closed low-level circulation , and early on October 5 the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued its first warning on Tropical Depression Twenty-Three.〔 While executing a loop near Chuuk, the tropical depression intensified into Tropical Storm Tip, though the storm failed to organize significantly due to the influence of Tropical Storm Roger. Reconnaissance aircraft provided the track of the surface circulation, since satellite imagery estimated the center was located about from its true position. After drifting erratically for several days, Tip began a steady northwest motion on October 8. By that time, Tropical Storm Roger had become an extratropical cyclone, resulting in the southerly flow to be entrained into Tip. An area of a tropical upper tropospheric trough moved to the north of Guam at the time, providing an excellent outflow channel north of Tip. Initially, the storm was predicted to continue northwestward and make landfall on Guam, though it turned to the west early on October 9, passing about south of the island. Later that day, Tip intensified to attain typhoon status.〔 Owing to very favorable conditions for development, Typhoon Tip rapidly intensified over the open waters of the western Pacific Ocean. Late on October 10, the typhoon attained wind speeds equal to Category 4 strength on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, and it became a super typhoon the next day. The central pressure dropped by from October 9 to 11, during which the circulation pattern of Typhoon Tip expanded to a record diameter of . The typhoon continued to intensify further, and early on October 12 reconnaissance aircraft recorded a worldwide record-low pressure of with winds of , when Tip was located about west-northwest of Guam.〔 In its best track, the Japan Meteorological Agency listed Tip as peaking with 10-minute sustained winds of . At the time of its peak strength, its eye was wide.〔 Tip crossed the 135th meridian east on the afternoon of October 13, prompting the Philippine Weather Bureau to issue warnings on Typhoon Tip, assigning it the local name ''Warling''. After peaking intensity, Tip weakened to and remained at that intensity for several days as it continued west-northwestward. For five days after its peak strength, the average radius of winds stronger than extended over . On October 17, Tip began to weaken steadily and decrease in size, recurving northeastward under the influence of a mid-level trough the next day. After passing about east of Okinawa, the typhoon accelerated to . Tip made landfall on the Japanese island of Honshū with winds of about on October 19. It continued rapidly northeastward through the country and became an extratropical cyclone over northern Honshū a few hours after moving ashore.〔 The extratropical remnant of Tip proceeded northeastward and gradually weakened, crossing the International Date Line on October 22. It was last observed near the Aleutian Islands of Alaska.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Typhoon Tip」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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